The essential questions
The evolution of the present law in the common law world
The classification of the present day recusal principles in the British Commonwealth
Automatic disqualification in the British Commonwealth
Apparent bias in the British Commonwealth
Federal recusal law in the United States of America
The importance of process
Prudence : if in doubt, out?
Practical rules and protocols
Disclosure
Waiver
Necessity
Appellate review of lower court decisions
Recusal procedure in appellate courts
Judicial misconduct in court : judges who go too far
Prior viewpoints
Unconscious bias
Possible reforms
Judges or legislators?