Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Purpose
1.2 nato Rules of Engagement
1.3 Scope
1.4 Sources and Methodology
1.5 The Structure of the Book
Part 1 / The Point of Departure: nato Rules of Engagement
2 Rules of Engagement: Introduction, Development and Use
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Analysing roe : Definition, Scope and Form, and Legal Status
2.3 The History of Mission-Specific Rules of Engagement
2.4 roe Development
2.5 roe as a Tool for Command and Control
2.6 Conclusions
3 'Use of force' Categories in nato roe Doctrine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Use of Force in Self-Defence
3.3 The Use of Force in Response to an Attack or Imminent Attack by Opposing Forces
3.4 The Use of Force to Accomplish Designated Tasks
3.5 Attack in Response to Hostile Act and Hostile Intent as Defined by Nato
3.6 Attack on Forces 'declared hostile'
Part 2 / "Otherwise Lawful Use of Force": the Law Regulating the Use of Force during Armed Conflict
4 Introduction: the Search for a Legal Basis
4.1 The Lotus Principle, Human Rights, and the Relevance of the Relationship between the / jus ad bellum and / jus in bello
4.2 The Right to Life and Prohibition on Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
4.3 The Relationship between the / jus ad bellum and the / jus in bello : Related in Fact, but Not in Law
4.4 When Does What Apply? On / lex specialis
4.5 Conclusion: Two Main Legal Bases for the Use of Force
5 The Law of Armed Conflict
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Who Is a Lawful Target
5.3 What Does It Entail to Be a Lawful Target
5.4 Identification of Lawful Targets: Precautions in Attack and the Issue of Doubt
5.5 Carrying Out Attacks
6 Self-Defence
6.1 Introduction
6.2 State Self-Defence
6.3 Personal Self-Defence
6.4 Conclusion Part 3 / Operational 'use of force' Categories and their Corresponding Legal Bases: What May Legally Be Authorised?
7 Introduction to Part 3
8 The Use of Force in Self-Defence during Armed Conflict: a Legal Analysis of the Various Concepts of Self-Defence
8.1 Overview
8.2 The Use of Force in Personal Self-Defence by Military Forces during Armed Conflict
8.3 Operational Concepts of Self-Defence
8.4 Conclusions on the Relevance of Self-Defence as a Legal Basis for Use of Force during Armed Conflict Operations
9 The Use of Force by nato Forces in Response to Attacks or Imminent Attacks by Opposing Forces
10 When May Force be Used to Accomplish Designated Tasks?
11 nato Hostile Intent and Hostile Act roe: Applicable Law and Its Consequences
11.1 'hostile act' and 'hostile intent' as Operationalisation of dph
11.2 nato Hostile Act and Hostile Intent roe and Customary Law
11.3 Conclusions on the Relationship between the nato Hostile Act and Hostile Intent roe and dph
11.4 'Attack'
12 The Use of Force in an Attack on Forces 'declared hostile' and Applicable Law
12.1 Forces 'declared hostile'
12.2 'attack' and The Role of Targeting Procedures
Part 4 / Conclusions and Proposals
13 Conclusions and Proposals
13.1 nato roe and the Legal Basis for the Use of Force
13.2 The Need for a Holistic and Uniform Approach to roe
13.3 The Relationship between Self-Defence, loac and roe
Bibliography
Index.