Intro; Endorsement; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; List of Contributors; Acknowledgements; Preface; Part I Past; 1 Under pressure? The foundations of children's courts in Europe; Introduction: contemporary juvenile justice debates in Europe and the importance of historical perspectives; The emergence and development of Children's Courts in Europe: social, economic and political transformations; The tensions between social justice and social defence; Children of the 'lower depths'; 'Modern girls' and the city; 'America's gift to the world'

The foundational principles of Children's Courts in Europe: institutional ambiguities'Child saving': a noble mission with a punitive baseline; Adult-child separation: diversifying and expanding modes of intervention?; Judicial power: enlightened despotism?; The children's judge's collaborators: probation officers, scientific experts and the Church; Discussion and conclusions: demystifying contemporary beliefs; Note; References; 2 Becoming delinquent? Rethinking the long history of juvenile Justice; Introduction; Juvenile justice developments circa 1788-1908

The Reformatory and Industrial SchoolsBritish juvenile justice historiography; European contexts: policy and practice transfers; Juvenile justice in Europe: continuity and change; New directions in historical juvenile justice research; Notes; References; 3 History, life-course criminology and digital methods: New directions for conceptualising juvenile justice in Europe; Back to the future? Histories of the present; Life-course criminology; Digitising history; New directions for researching the origins and outcomes of juvenile justice in Europe; Notes; References; Part II Present

4 Child-friendly justice: Past, present and futureIntroduction; Key principles of child-friendly justice; Drafting the Guidelines on Child-Friendly Justice: consultation with children and young people; About the children and young people; The views of the children and young people: information about their rights; Obtaining justice; Decisions made about the children and young people; Key themes; Critiquing the Guidelines; Legal status of the Guidelines; Implementing child-friendly justice; Child-friendly justice: implementation in law and policy

Analysis, conclusions, future directions and challengesNotes; References; 5 Transformations in youth crime and justice across Europe: Evidencing the case for diversion; Introduction; Reductions in rates of 'crime' and the European youth justice context; The crime drop and young people: the research evidence; The shrinking client group of European youth justice systems; The policy contexts of system contraction; (i) England; (ii) Scotland; Final reflections on crime reduction and policy; The displacement effect; Reductions in traditional modes of street-based offending