Cover; Half Title; Series Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Tables of cases; Table of legislation; Acknowledgements; Abbreviations; Chapter 1 Introduction; Context; Structure; Chapter 2 Srebrenica and Rwanda and the legal aftermath; Introduction; Background: Rwanda; Background: Srebrenica; Legal steps taken in domestic courts; The Netherlands: Mothers of Srebrenica and Nuhanović/Mustafić; Command and control within peacekeeping operations; Individual actors' responsibility for human rights protection; Mustafić & Nuhanović v Karremans, Franken & Oosterveen

Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights: the duty to investigateConcluding remarks; Chapter 3 Omission liability in domestic law; Introduction; Omission liability: a definition; General perspectives in common and civil law compared; Elements required for omission liability; Degree of liability; Practical limitations to domestic adjudication of peacekeeping conduct; Concluding remarks; Chapter 4 Scope for omission liability under international law?; Introduction; Classification of the peacekeeping commanders' conduct; Command responsibility; Commission by omission

The elements of omission liability in jurisprudenceLegal and practical constraints to omission liability for peacekeeping commanders; Concluding remarks; Chapter 5 A legal obligation to act for the peacekeeping commander?; Introduction; Peacekeeping mandates and rules of engagement; Peacekeeping operations and the relationship between IHL and IHRL; International Human Rights Law; International Humanitarian Law; Concluding remarks; Chapter 6 The peacekeeping commander as bystander: A moral obligation to act?; Introduction; Bystander: a definition; Bystander liability: a moral duty to act

Actus reusDomestic law: actus reus; Presence and control or authority as approval or encouragement; Presence as an active or effective contribution to the crime; International law: actus reus; Subordination as a requirement for authority?; How do authority and presence result in encouragement or approval?; Substantial contribution; Domestic law: mens rea; Voluntary presence: not distancing from the crime; International law: mens rea; Concluding remarks; Chapter 7 The lege ferenda perspective on the legal framework of peacekeeping; Introduction

A failure to act: why accountability on the individual level?'Failure to protect' as a separate offence in criminal law?; Civil responsibility; A separate paradigm for peacekeeping?; Concluding remarks; Chapter 8 Conclusion; Bibliography; Index