Preface to the Third EditionPreface to the First EditionAbbreviationsList of color figuresPART I: PLANT TISSUE CULTUREINTRODUCTIONNew technologiesOrigin of biotechnologyHistoryLABORATORY ORGANIZATIONWashing facilityGeneral laboratory and media preparation areaTransfer areaCulturing facilitiesGreen housesLaboratory and personal safetyNUTRITION MEDIUMUnits for solution preparationMedia compositionSTERILIZATION TECHNIQUESPreparation of sterile media, containers and small instrumentsMaintenance of aseptic conditionsSterilization of explantProtocolsTYPES OF CULTURECytodifferentiationOrganogenic differentiationTypes of cultureProtocolsMICROPROPAGATIONAxillary bud proliferation approachOrganogenesisEmbryogenesisAdvantages of micropropagationProblems associated with micropropagationProtocolsCELL SUSPENSION AND SECONDARY METABOLITESTypes of suspension culturesGrowth measurementsSynchronization of suspension culture cellsTechnique for single cell cultureBergmann cell plating techniqueProduction of secondary metabolitesMorphological and chemical differentiationApplicationProblems associated with secondary metabolite productionImmobilized cell systemsBiotransformationSecondary metabolite production using genetically engineered plant cell culturesProtocolsIN VITRO PRODUCTION OF HAPLOIDSAndrogenic methodsSignificance and uses of haploidsProblemsGynogenic haploidsChromosome elimination technique for production of haploids in cereals (Barley and wheat)ProtocolPROTOPLAST ISOLATION AND FUSIONProtoplast isolationProtoplast developmentCell wall formationGrowth, division and plant regenerationSomatic hybridizationIdentification and selection of hybrid cellsVerification & characterization of somatic hybridsChromosome number in somatic hybridsCybridsPotential of somatic hybridizationProblems and limitations of somatic hybridizationProtocolSOMACLONAL VARIATIONNomenclatureSchemes for obtaining somaclonal variationApplication of somaclonal variationBasis of somaclonal variationDisadvantagesGametoclonal variationGERMPLASM STORAGE & CRYOPRESERVATIONCryopreservationSlow growth methodAchievementsApplicationsLimitationsPART II: GENETIC MATERIAL AND ITS ORGANIZATIONGENETIC MATERIALSugarsAmino acidsNucleotidesPolynucleotidesGenetic materialORGANIZATION OF DNA AND GENE EXPRESSIONDifferent forms of DNASupercoilingTertiary structure of DNACruciformTertiary structure of DNAEukaryotic DNA organization into nucleosomesDNA contentDenaturationFlow of genetic information: central dogmaOrganization of genes in DNA moleculesPlant gene structure as discontinuous geneControl sequencesTypes of RNA moleculesTranscriptionGenetic code and translationPART III: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGYBASIC TECHNIQUESAgarose gel electrophoresisPulsed field gel electrophoresisPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresisNucleic acid blottingProtein blottingDot blot techniqueAutoradiographyE. coli transformationProtocolGENE CLONING: Cutting and joining DNA MoleculesIntroductionEnzymes for cutting: Restriction endonucleasesJoining DNA moleculesDNA modifying enzymesLinkers and adaptorsProtocolGENE CLONING: VectorsCloning vectorsfeaturesBiology of E. coli K-12PlasmidsCosmidsBacteriophage vectorsPhagemidsYeast artificial chromosome (YAC)Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)P1 phage vectorsP1 derived artificial chromosome (PAC)TransposonShuttle vectorsExpression vectorsProtocolsGENE CLONING: cDNA and Genomic Cloning and Analysis of Cloned DNA SequencesGene librariescDNA cloningGenomic cloningIdentification and analysis of cloned genesApproaches for identification of genesDetection of nucleic acid sequencesRadioactive probe preparation and labelingNon-radioactive labelingDNA sequencingPOLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONIntroductionProcedureComponents in a polymerase chain reactionInverse PCRReverse transcriptase mediated PCR (RT-PCR)Cloning of PCR productsApplicationsAdvantagesProblemsProtocolIN VITRO MUTAGENESISSite directed mutagenesisInsertional mutagenesisTRANSPOSON GENETIC ELEMENTS AND GENE TAGGINGTransposable elements in bacteriaTransposable elements in eukaryotesClassificationTransposon gene taggingGENE ISOLATIONChromosome mapsGeneral strategies for cloning genes from plantsMOLECULAR MARKERS AND MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTIONMorphological markersBiochemical markersMolecular markersHistory of evolution of molecular markersNon-PCR based approachesPCR based techniquesTargeted PCR and sequencingSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)Molecular markers and plant diversityFingerprintingMarker assisted selectionProtocolGENE TRANSFER IN PLANTSTransient and stable expressionMarker genesChimeric gene vectorsGene transfer methodsStatus and expression of transferred genesProtocolsCHLOROPLAST AND MITOCHONDRION DNA TRANSFORMATIONChloroplast TransformationThe Plastid chromosomeSelectable markersHomoplastomic lines developmentAdvantagesApplicationsLimitations of Chloroplast TransformationMitochondrion transformationTargetting of Transgene Product into Chloroplasts and MitochondriaTRANSGENICS IN CROP IMPROVEMENTResistance to biotic stressesIMPACT OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGYAgricultureStatus of transgenic cropsBenefits of transgenic cropsBiotech crops in IndiaInsect resistant plants through transgenic approachHerbicide tolerant plants through transgenic approachPlant based pharmaceuticalsProduction of biofuelsTransgenic crops in futureBiotechnology in Process IndustryBioremediationHealthcare applicationsFutureBIOSAFETY CONCERNS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKRisk analysisContainmentBiosafety levelsGood laboratory practicesGood laboratory practicesRisk Management in Field TrialsNational Biosafety Regulatory framework in IndiaRecombinant DNA safety GuidelinesRevised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic PlantsCross border movement of transgenic germplasm for research purposesBiosafety concernsSocio-economic and ethical considerationsInternational protocols and conventions on biosafetyRegulatory frameworks in different countriesGENOMICSIntroductionMapping of prokaryotic genomesMapping of eukaryotic genomesGene location in DNA sequencesYeast (S. cerevisiae) genomeHuman genomeArabidopsis genomeRice genomeFunctional genomicsPatterns of gene expressionProteomicsMetabolomicsPhenomicsBIOINFORMATICSDevelopment of BioinformaticsRole of Internet in BioinformaticsOnlineBrowsing working and downloadingSequences and NomenclatureFile FormatsFiles of Structural dataSubmission of SequencesDatabasesMolecular Biology DatabasesBioinformatics Databases and analysis ServicesSpecialized ResourcesBioinformatics Databases and Analysis ServicesBioinformatics tools for access to databasesIntegrated Molecular Biology Database systemDatabase integration strategiesDetection of genesApplicationsChallengesINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Protection of intellectual propertyAppendixGlossaryAuthor indexSubject index.