Foreword / Admiral Stansfield Turner
Introduction / Jeffrry H. Norvitz
History and Armed Groups
Pirates, Vikings, and Teutonic Knights / Peter T. Underwood
The Italian Red Brigades (1969-1984): Political Revolution and Threats to the State / Paul J. Smith
Armed Conflict in Cambodia and the UN Response / Carole Garrison
Armed Groups and Diplomacy: East Timor's FRETILIN Guerrillas / Gene Christy
Adapting to a Changing Environment-The Irish Republican Army as an Armed Group / Timothy D. Hoyt
Pseudo Operations - A Double-Edged Sword of Counterinsurgency / Theodore L. Gatchel
Present Context and Environment
The Threat to the Maritime Domain: How Real Is the Terrorist Threat? / Rohan Gunaratna
Armed Groups and the Law / Craig H. Allen
Globalization and the Transformation of Armed Groups / Querine H. Hanlon
Is It Possible to Deter Armed Groups? / Yosef Kuperwasser / Sanctuary: The Geopolitics of Terrorism and Insurgency / Mackubin Thomas Owens
Small Wars Are Local: Debunking Current Assumptions about Countering Small Armed Groups / Peter Curry
Piracy and the Exploitation of Sanctuary / Maltin N. Murphy
Domestic Terrorism: Forgotten, But Not Gone / Edward J. Valla and Gregory Comcowich
The Threat of Armed Street Gangs in America / Edward J. Maggio
Prosecuting Homegrown Extremists: Case Study of the Virginia "Paintball Jihad" Cell / Steven Emerson
Religion as Inspiration
Armed with the Power of Religion: Not Just a War of Ideas / Pauletta Otis
Arming for Armageddon: Myths and Motivations of Violence in American Christian Apocalypticism / Timothy J. Demy
Glory in Defeat and Other Islamist Ideologies / Mehrdad Mozayyan
Thinking Differently about Armed Groups
The Erosion of Constraints in Armed-Group Warfare: Bloody Tactics and Vulnerable Targets / Andrea J. Dew
Knowledge Transfer and Shared Learning among Armed Groups / James J. F. Forest
The "Memory of War": Tribes and the Legitimate Use of Force in Iraq / Montgomery McFate
Terrorist or Freedom Fighter? Tyrant or Guardian? / Derek S. Reveron and Jeffrey Stevenson Murer
Disrupting and Influencing Leaders of Armed Groups / Elena Mastors and Jeffrey H. Norwitz
Armed Groups through the Lens of Anthropology / David W. Kriebel
The Shape of Things to Come
Children on the Battlefield: The Breakdown of Moral Norms / P. W. Singer
The "New Silk Road" of Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Key to Countering the Terror-Crime Nexus / Russell D. Howard and Colleen M. Traughber
Shari'a Financing and the Corning Ummah / Rachel Ehrenfeld and Alyssa A. Lappen
Terrorism as an International Security Problem / Martha Crenshaw
Takin' It to the Streets: Hydra Networks, Chaos Strategies, and the "New" Asymmetry / P. H. Liotta
Virtual Sanctuary Enables Global Insurgency / Richard Shultz
Armed Groups: Changing the Rules / T. X. Hammes
Appendix: United Nations Guidelines on Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups / United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.